Probability of a Child Having Elevated Blood Lead Levels

Approximately 2.5% of US children aged 1-5 (about 500,000 children) have blood lead levels at or above the CDC reference value of 3.5 micrograms per deciliter (mcg/dL). This represents dramatic progress from the 1970s, when over 80% of children had elevated lead levels, primarily due to the elimination of leaded gasoline and lead-based paint.

Lead paint in homes built before 1978 remains the most significant source of childhood lead exposure, particularly in deteriorating housing. Other sources include contaminated soil, imported spices and candies, certain occupations of parents (construction, battery recycling), lead-contaminated water (especially in homes with old lead service lines), and some consumer products.

There is no safe level of lead exposure for children. Even low levels can cause irreversible cognitive impairment, reduced IQ, behavioral problems, learning disabilities, and slowed growth. Children in poverty and Black children face disproportionately higher exposure rates. Prevention includes testing homes built before 1978 for lead paint, using cold water for cooking (hot water dissolves more lead from pipes), regular hand washing, and ensuring adequate nutrition (iron, calcium, and vitamin C reduce lead absorption).