Probability of Developing Glaucoma

Glaucoma affects approximately 3 million Americans (about 2.5% of the population over age 40), though about half are unaware they have it because the disease typically has no symptoms until significant, irreversible vision loss has occurred. It is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide.

The primary risk factors are elevated intraocular pressure (though "normal-tension glaucoma" can occur with normal eye pressure), age over 60, Black or Hispanic ethnicity (Black Americans have 4-5 times higher risk and develop glaucoma at younger ages), family history, thin corneas, high myopia (nearsightedness), diabetes, and prior eye injuries. Open-angle glaucoma, the most common form, accounts for about 90% of cases.

Treatment focuses on lowering intraocular pressure through medicated eye drops (prostaglandin analogs are first-line), laser therapy (selective laser trabeculoplasty), or surgery (trabeculectomy, MIGS procedures). While treatment can slow or halt progression, it cannot restore vision already lost. The American Academy of Ophthalmology recommends comprehensive eye exams every 1-2 years for people over 65, and more frequently for those with risk factors. Early detection through regular eye exams is the most important factor in preventing glaucoma-related blindness.