Probability of Having Iron Deficiency Anemia

Iron deficiency anemia affects approximately 5% of the US population overall, but rates are significantly higher in certain groups: about 10% of women of reproductive age, 15-20% of pregnant women, and 5-10% of young children. It is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide, affecting about 1.2 billion people globally.

Iron deficiency anemia occurs when the body doesn't have enough iron to produce adequate hemoglobin. Causes include inadequate dietary iron intake, blood loss (heavy menstruation is the most common cause in premenopausal women), poor absorption (from celiac disease or gastric bypass surgery), and increased iron needs during pregnancy and growth periods.

Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, dizziness, cold hands and feet, brittle nails, and unusual cravings for non-food items (pica). Diagnosis is through blood tests including complete blood count, serum ferritin, and iron studies. Treatment includes iron supplementation and addressing the underlying cause. Oral iron supplements are first-line, though IV iron infusions may be needed for severe cases or when oral iron is not tolerated. Iron-rich foods include red meat, beans, fortified cereals, and dark leafy greens.